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| Dark Clouds: Western oil companies need fresh reserves. |
The last time the world faced a major petroleum crisis, in the 1970s, the leading multinational oil companies helped soften the blow. Big Oilwent on a drilling spree, finding giant new oil and gas fields outside the control of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in places like Alaska, the North Sea, Australia, Colombia and the defensive and slashing costs.
Today, however, with prices approaching $100 a barrel, Big Oil has failed to ride to the rescue. The leading multinationals have grown too timid to spend aggressively on oil exploration—even at a time of record oil prices. Unless Washington adopts a new national energy strategy and finds way to pressure the majors into changing tactics, Big Oil—and the United States—could face serious trouble ahead.
A study by Rice University released last week reveals the depths of the problem. By analyzing the spending patterns of the 25 largest oil companies, we discovered that exploration spending by the "Big Five"—BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell—fell from $9.8 billion in 1997 to $6.1 billion in 2005 (before rebounding in 2006), despite a fourfold increase in operating cash flow. In real terms, the drop was even deeper, since exploration costs have risen over 100 percent since the 1990s. Instead of prospecting, the Big Five used 56 percent of their new cash to repurchase shares and pay dividends in 2006, compared to only 35 percent in 1995. This shift might have been good for short-term investors and management, but it has endangered the companies' long-term reserves and their ability to increase production in the future. Indeed, production is already starting to suffer: Big Five output fell from 10.25 million barrels a day in 1996 to 9.45 million in 2005 (before recovering last year).
Some might argue that this is nobody's fault; there's just less new oil out there to be discovered these days. But in the same period, the next 20 largest U.S. firms—companies like Marathon and Devon—steadily increased their exploration spending, and now dish out as much as the majors despite having one third the operating cash. As a result, their production has climbed from 1.55 million barrels a day in 1996 to 2.13 million today. As this suggests, there's still more oil out there for those willing to look hard enough.
As the majors decline, national oil companies (NOCs)—state monopolies in countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela, Russia, China and India—are coming on strong. They now control more than 80 percent of the world's reserves, in marked contrast to the 1960s and 1970s. The NOCs are not only pushing the Big Five out of NOC home nations; they're also starting to beat them out in third countries as well. Chinese firms, for example, spent $9 billion alone in 2006 on foreign projects (mostly in Russia, Nigeria and Kazakhstan)—about the same amount that the Big Five spent on exploration that year. And early this month, Brazil's Petrobras announced the discovery of a giant new 8 billion-barrel oil field, sending its stock soaring at the same time that ExxonMobil's shares were sinking on disappointing returns.
All this could lead to less-competitive global oil markets—and even higher prices—in the next decade. The majors may think they have the luxury of not needing to search for new oil. They say that they have shifted emphasis to mega-development deals with countries like Venezuela and to bringing to market already discovered but remote reserves in places like Russia's Far East. In other cases, the Big Five anticipate simply being able to buy second-tier firms in the future to capture their reserves that way. But similar consolidations in the 1980s, despite high expectations, did not bring much more oil to market. That's because the majors' mature reserves began declining due to natural geologic factors, and many mega-deals (as with Venezuela and Russia) did not pan out as hoped. With resource nationalism on the rise, such opportunities will be even scarcer in the future. The majors won't be willing to drill for mid-sized fields in Africa or Latin America that might only bring mediocre returns. And if they take over smaller firms, they could well cut exploration there as well, leaving us in an even worse bind.
The top companies justify their approach by blaming Wall Street's obsession with maximizing returns on investment, which are better achieved through buybacks than by exploration (since buybacks increase earnings per share). The much-touted ExxonMobil especially likes to emphasize its "capital discipline"—that is, its unwillingness to invest without the likelihood of giant returns. But this justification is patently shortsighted. Since the 1990s, publicly traded shares of the U.S. independents and of the NOCs have risen in value at a much faster rate than those of the Big Five. Long-term investors are starting to recognize what the rest of us intuitively understand: that oil companies should be looking much harder for more oil.
What should Washington do to make sure this happens? The United States has until now avoided taxing windfall profits out of the belief that U.S. companies should be allowed to retain their capital so that they can respond to higher oil prices by investing more. The problem is that the top companies are now clearly not responding as they're meant to. Government should therefore step in and impose a "use it or lose it" tax on oil profits, spurring companies to spend more on exploration or alternatives or face a punitive tax. Washington should also embark on a serious national effort to lower oil demand and increase federal spending on alternative energy sources.
But if we do nothing, the United States will continue to transfer more and more of its wealth to OPEC countries. That might not seem problematic yet. But with a mounting U.S. deficit and plummeting dollar, it soon will be.
JAFFE is Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy and associate director of the Rice University Energy Program.